John Rupert Firth merupakan seorang ahli bahasa dari Inggris. Berdasarkan buku Key Thinkers in Linguistic and the Philosophy of Language (2005), perhatian Firth terhadap linguistik dapat dikategorikan menjadi empat fokus, yaitu (1) studi tentang makna dan konteks; (2) sejarah linguistik, khususnya di wilayah Britania; (3) fonologi; serta (4) linguistik deskriptif dan ensiklopedia mengenai bahasa di India dan Asia Selatan.
Firth berpandangan bahwa makna dan konteks dalam sebuah ujaran seharusnya menjadi tujuan utama pembelajaran linguistik. Dia berseberangan pendapat dengan Leonard Bloomfield, seorang linguis asal Amerika, yang mengesampingkan makna dalam kinerja linguistik. Firth juga tidak setuju dengan konsep dikotomis langue dan parole yang dicetuskan Saussure. Bahkan, gagasannya pun bertentangan dengan kompetensi dan performa bahasa yang dipopulerkan Chomsky. Menurut Firth, bahasa sebaiknya tidak dipelajari sebagai sistem mental, tetapi dikaji sebagai kumpulan peristiwa yang terucapkan, sebuah tindakan. Hussein (2015) dalam “John Rupert Firth’s Model of Linguistic: A Critical Study” menjelaskan pandangan Firth mengenai hal ini, “Language is a mode of action, a way of doing things and getting things done, of behaving and making others behave in relation to surroundings and situations.”
Pandangan Firth di atas berkaitan dengan pemikiran beliau mengenai aspek sosiologi dalam telaah bahasa. Kita pun tahu bahwa perkembangan bahasa koheren dengan gejala-gejala sosial, seperti sejarah, politik, dan budaya. Dalam kacamata Firth, konteks selalu mengonstruksi bahasa.
Salah satu temuan lain dari Firth adalah perihal fonologi prosodi, yaitu teknik untuk menentukan makna dalam tataran fonetis, leksikal, situasional, dan gramatikal. Dari sini, terciptalah aliran Prosodi, yang kadang disebut juga aliran London atau Firthian. Hal ini tidak terpisahkan dari kontribusi John R. Firth terhadap perkembangan linguistik di Britania. Gagasan-gagasannya demikian berpengaruh di London sehingga kota tersebut sempat menjadi episentrum pengkajian linguistik.
Rujukan:
- Chapman, S. & Routledge, P. (ed). 2005. Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Hussein, Basel Al-Sheikh. 2015. “John Rupert Firth’s Model of Linguistic: A Critical Study”. Dalam International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, Volume 5, Nomor 1, hlm. 66–71.
- Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
- Oyelaran, Olasope O. 1967. “Aspects of Linguistic Theory in Firthian Linguistics”. Dalam Word, Volume 23:1–3, hlm. 428–452.
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