Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday merupakan seorang linguis Australia yang lahir di Inggris. Dia dikenal sebagai salah satu pencetus pandangan linguistik fungsional sistemis yang menyoroti aspek sosial atau kemasyarakatan dalam berbahasa. Kita bisa lihat sekilas bahwa perhatian Halliday tidak begitu berbeda dengan gagasan John R. Firth. Maka dari itu, ide-ide Halliday sering kali disebut sebagai Linguistik Neo-Firthian.
Halliday melihat bahasa sebagai semiotika atau tanda sosial. Dalam hal ini, menurut beliau, konteks adalah fungsi sosial yang menentukan fungsi dan perkembangan bahasa. Bahasa tidak pernah lepas dari fenomena sosial. Dengan demikian, realitas sistemis yang terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari pun ikut tecermin dalam proses berbahasa.
Selain itu, Halliday juga menganggap linguistik sebagai tindakan. Spesifiknya, Santoso (2008) menegaskan bahwa, dalam kacamata Halliday, linguistik adalah tindakan politis. Hal itu tidak terpisahkan dari aktivitas keseharian Halliday.
Beliau aktif dalam gerakan pendidikan. Di sana beliau melihat bahwa ekosistem pengajaran bahasa Inggris menuntut adanya gramatika yang ideal. Terlebih, karena terlibat dalam gerakan politik, dia juga merasa bahwa bahasa harus bisa memenuhi kebutuhan praktis dalam masyarakat dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara sosial.
Temuan-temuan Halliday lantas berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan linguistik kritis, sebuah kajian ilmu bahasa yang berupaya menyibak relasi kuasa. Linguistik kritis sering dimanfaatkan untuk menganalisis implementasi bahasa dalam politik, media massa, dan konstruksi gender. Bahkan, ada dugaan bahwa teori analisis wacana kritis van Dijk juga terinspirasi dari kinerja linguistik Halliday.
Rujukan:
- Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
- Santoso, Anang. 2008. “Jejak Halliday dalam Linguistik Kritis dan Analisis Wacana Kritis”. Dalam Bahasa dan Seni, Tahun 36, Nomor 1, Februari, hlm. 1–15.
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