Yang Dipadankan dari Cina

oleh Narabahasa

Salah satu teman saya terjangkit Covid-19. Dia lantas mengetwit bahwa ketidakmampuan menghidu aroma dan merasakan sedapnya mi goreng mampu meluruhkan semangatnya. Saya, sebagai seorang penikmatnya, langsung terbayang betapa hambarnya hidup ini tanpa mi goreng.

Perlu diketahui, mi berasal dari Cina dan penamaannya berakar dari dialek Hokkian. Pada mula penciptaannya, bagi penduduk Tiongkok, mi dianggap sebagai sebuah karya seni dan sudah dikonsumsi sejak tiga ratus tahun sebelum Masehi. Selama ini, kita tentu sudah sering membaca kalau bahasa Indonesia mendapatkan pengaruh yang besar dari bahasa Inggris, Portugis, Belanda, dan Sanskerta. Ternyata, bahasa Tionghoa pun turut meninggalkan jejak pada kosakata bahasa Indonesia yang kita gunakan pada hari ini. 

Nama capcai, taoge, tahu, cengkih, dan bakwan dipadankan dari bahasa Tionghoa. Pastika (2012) dalam penelitiannya juga mencatatkan cawan, lu, toko, sumpit, becak, lihai, teko, gua, cat, dan loteng sebagai kosakata yang diserap dari Cina. Wirawan (2012) dalam Kusumaningrum dkk. (2018) pun mendaftarkan kaleng, loak, nyonya, dan calo ke dalam daftar padanan kosakata dari Cina. Lebih dari itu, pada KBBI V luring, kita bisa menemukan sejumlah kata dari Cina, seperti apek, angpau, berjibun, ceban, goban, gocap, dan goceng.

Sementara itu, tulisan Remy Sylado pada bab “Mengais-ngais Cina di Sunda” buku 9 dari 10 Kata Bahasa Indonesia adalah Asing (2003) bahkan mengindikasikan bahwa bahasa Tionghoa berpengaruh pada perkembangan bahasa daerah. Dalam bahasa Sunda, ngawuluku adalah ‘membajak sawah’. Pada lain sisi, dalam bahasa Cina, wu-lu-ku dapat mengartikan ‘lima jenis padi-padian yang harus dibajak dulu sebelum dituai’. Seka yang mengartikan ‘mencuci kaki dan muka’ disebut si-ka dalam bahasa Cina. Contoh terakhir, galeng yang dalam bahasa Sunda mengartikan ‘pematang’ memiliki sebutan khaleng dalam bahasa Cina.

Pengaruh bahasa Cina terhadap bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Sunda tidak terpisahkan dari fenomena sejarah. Interaksi antara penduduk Nusantara dengan pedagang Cina diduga sudah terjadi sejak abad ke-4 Masehi. Permukiman komunitas Tionghoa diketahui mulai berkembang di Jawa pada abad ke-13 dan pada abad ke-15 hingga abad ke-17, kerajaan-kerajaan di Selat Malaka serta pedagang Cina terekam memiliki relasi perniagaan yang erat. Di sinilah kosakata berbahasa Cina, khususnya dialek Hokkian, mulai diserap ke dalam bahasa Melayu.

 

Rujukan:

 

Penulis: Yudhistira

Penyunting: Ivan Lanin

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