Suatu hari saya mendapat pekerjaan untuk menyunting sebuah naskah. Tulisan tersebut dimulai dengan kalimat tanya yang berbunyi, “Apa semalam kamu tertidur dengan nyenyak?” Sekilas saya merasa bahwa kata apa kurang cocok untuk mengawali kalimat tanya itu. Berdasarkan intuisi, akhirnya saya mengganti apa dengan apakah.
Naskah akhirnya dipublikasikan sebelum saya mengetahui perbedaan dua kata tanya tersebut. Bak kini gatal, besok digaruk, esoknya saya lantas mencari tahu fungsi kata apa dan apakah dalam Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia Edisi Keempat (2017). Dalam buku itu, Moeliono dkk. menjelaskan bahwa apa disebut sebagai pronomina tanya yang mengubah kalimat deklaratif menjadi kalimat interogatif. Simak contoh berikut.
1.
a. Dia sudah makan.
b. Apa dia sudah makan?
2.
a. Bimo akan datang.
b. Apa Bimo akan datang?
3.
a. Ali memakan pisang.
b. Ali memakan apa?
c. Apa yang dimakan Ali?
4.
a. Sinta memasak ayam goreng.
b. Sinta memasak apa?
c. Apa yang dimasak Sinta?
Selain berada di depan, kata apa bisa terletak pada akhir kalimat. Namun, coba bandingkan dengan kata apakah. Kalimat tanya Ali memakan apakah? terasa tidak berterima. Dengan demikian, jika apa dapat berpindah-pindah posisi, apakah hanya dapat terletak pada awal kalimat tanya.
Moeliono dkk. menambahkan bahwa kata apakah lebih sering digunakan dalam ragam formal. Penyematan partikel -kah dinilai mampu meningkatkan unsur kesopanan dalam kalimat tanya. Meskipun demikian, perlu diingat, penggunaan partikel -kah dalam pronomina tanya bersifat manasuka.
Dengan begitu, kalimat tanya Apa semalam kamu tertidur dengan nyenyak? sebetulnya berterima. Kalimat tanya Apakah semalam kamu tertidur dengan nyenyak? juga tidak memiliki permasalahan sintaksis. Keduanya, baik apa maupun apakah, hanya perlu ditempatkan pada posisi dan ragamnya masing-masing.
Rujukan: Moeliono, Anton M., dkk. 2017. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa.
Penulis: Yudhistira
Penyunting: Ivan Lanin
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Sekadar berbagi informasi saja, dalam beberapa bahasa daerah, khususnya di Indonesia bagian timur, apakah dan kawan-kawannya seperti maanakah, berapakah, dll. justru paling lazim diletakkan di akhir kalimat tanya, tentunya dalam ragam cakapan. Misalnya, di daerah asal saya, Makassar, kita akan sering mendengar orang bertanya, “Kamu makan apakah?” atau “Harganya berapakah?”
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