Penggunaan bahasa yang berbeda dalam sebuah ujaran adalah akibat pasti dari kedwibahasaan atau multilingualisme. Terkadang, kita memanfaatkan bahasa asing atau daerah karena terbatasnya kosakata yang kita miliki pada bahasa utama. Lebih dari itu, kita juga sering mencampurkan unsur bahasa lain ke dalam bahasa yang sedang kita gunakan—dalam hal ini bahasa Indonesia—karena adanya pergantian topik atau suasana percakapan. Kebiasaan ini dapat didefinisikan sebagai alih kode (code-switching) dan campur kode (code-mixing). Apa bedanya?
Alih Kode
Myres dan Scotton (1993) dalam Harya (2018) menuliskan bahwa pengertian yang paling umum mengenai alih kode adalah penggunaan dua ragam atau variasi (kode) bahasa dalam percakapan yang sama. Alih kode berbeda dengan peminjaman, pentransferan, dan interferensi. Konteks bukanlah satu-satunya faktor yang melatarbelakangi penutur untuk melakukan alih kode. Nyatanya, identitas sosial, pendidikan, bahkan niatan khusus lainnya turut mendorong penutur untuk menerapkan pengalihan kode.
Alih kode memiliki dua klasifikasi:
- Klasifikasi Gramatikal
Klasifikasi gramatikal berfokus pada letak kemunculan pengalihan kode dalam satu kalimat atau ujaran.
a. Alih Kode Tag (Tag Code-Switching)
Alih kode ini terjadi ketika penutur menambahkan ekspresi singkat dalam bahasa lain pada akhir ujaran atau kalimat. Contoh:
“Hadiahnya bagus banget. Thanks!”
b. Alih Kode Antarkalimat
Alih kode ini terjadi ketika terdapat satu kalimat penuh dalam bahasa lain yang diapit oleh kalimat-kalimat berbahasa utama. Contoh:
“Ini motor lama. But the engine still feels like new. Harganya pun tidak terlalu mahal.”
c. Alih Kode Intrakalimat
Alih kode ini terjadi ketika terdapat kata, frasa, atau klausa dalam bahasa lain pada kalimat berbahasa utama. Contoh:
“James Maddison, gelandang serang kesebelasan Leicester City, memiliki kemampuan dribbling yang baik dan passing yang akurat.”
- Klasifikasi Kontekstual
Klasifikasi ini berfokus pada alasan-alasan yang mendorong terjadinya pengalihan kode. Ada dua alasan, yaitu alasan situasional dan alasan metaforis. Pada alasan yang pertama, pengalihan kode terjadi karena situasi yang berubah, seperti latar, topik, partisipan, dan tujuan interaksi. Sementara itu, Holmes (2001) dalam Suryawati (2013) menjelaskan bahwa pada alasan metaforis, pengalihan kode terjadi karena penutur memang memiliki kemampuan bilingual. Penutur menerapkan alih kode sebagai metafora hanya untuk memperkaya ujaran atau kalimatnya dalam berkomunikasi.
Campur Kode
Berbeda dengan alih kode, campur kode dilakukan tanpa intensi khusus. Campur kode terjadi ketika dua penutur menggunakan dua bahasa yang berbeda dalam satu ujaran, biarpun tidak ada perubahan situasi. Lebih lengkapnya, Muysken (2000) dalam Harya (2018) menekankan bahwa pada umumnya campur kode juga mencakup peleburan leksikon dan gramatika dua bahasa dalam satu ujaran.
Menurut Muysken, ada tiga jenis campur kode, yaitu penyisipan (insertion), alternasi (alternation), dan leksikalisasi kongruen (congruent lexicalization).
1. Penyisipan
Proses pencampuran kode melalui penyisipan berhubungan dengan peminjaman leksikal atau frasa asing yang disisipkan ke dalam suatu struktur bahasa lain.
“Jadi orang tuh jangan suka nge–judge.”
2. Alternasi
Campur kode alternasi biasanya kita temukan pada tataran klausa.
“Gara-gara pandemi, saya jadi lebih sering bersyukur, kayak, I count my blessings.”
3. Leksikalisasi Kongruen
Pada jenis ini, campur kode memungkinkan penggunaan dua tata gramatika bahasa yang berbeda dalam waktu yang sama. Leksikalisasi kongruen cenderung diterapkan secara acak pada dua bahasa yang memiliki kemiripan struktur.
“Meeting hari ini akan membahas tentang urgent agenda yang akan dilakukan within this week.”
Ternyata, alih kode dan campur kode memiliki jenis-jenis dengan ketentuan yang beragam. Alih kode dan campur kode pun tidak sama. Alih kode dilakukan karena alasan tertentu, seperti perubahan topik dan kehadiran orang ketiga dalam peristiwa tutur. Dengan kata lain, alih kode terjadi demi mencapai tujuan khusus. Sebaliknya, campur kode diterapkan tanpa maksud apa-apa atau terjadi di luar kesadaran penutur.
Rujukan:
- Andre, Robby. 2018. “Bahasa Indonesia-English Code-Mixing in Writing Business Emails: Understanding the Communicative Purpose”. Dalam Jurnal Lingua Cultura 12(2), Mei, 117–121. Diakses pada 20 Januari 2021.
- Harya, Trisna Dinillah. 2018. “Sociolinguistics (Code: Code Switching and Code Mixing)”. Dalam Jurnal Lentera: Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan, Vol.11, 87–98. Diakses pada 20 Januari 2021.
- Putriani, Adnyani, dan Hermawan. 2019. “Analisis Campur Kode Pada Lirik Lagu Babymetal”. Dalam Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang, Vol. 5 No. 2, Juli, 101–113.
- Suryawati, Nita. 2013. “An Analysis of Code switching Occurred in A Puppet Show”. Dalam Jurnal Anglicist, Vol. 2 No. 1, Februari, 41–51. Diakses pada 20 Januari 2021.
Penulis: Yudhistira
Penyunting: Ivan Lanin

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