Abdul Chaer (2013) menuliskan bahwa ejaan adalah konvensi grafis, yaitu kesepakatan di antara penutur suatu bahasa untuk menuliskan bahasanya. Seperti yang kita tahu, bahasa Indonesia mengadopsi abjad Latin yang terdiri atas 26 huruf. Namun, jumlah fonem dalam bahasa Indonesia lebih dari 26.
Maka dari itu, fonem perlu dibedakan dengan sistem ejaan (ortografi) atau grafem. Dalam tataran fonemik, bunyi-bunyi ditulis sesuai dengan satuan-satuan fonemis yang dapat membedakan makna. Di lain sisi, dalam tataran grafemik, bebunyian bahasa ditulis berdasarkan konvensi ejaan yang berlaku.
Contohnya begini. Pada “Variasi Bunyi Vokal”, saya sudah sempat memaparkan alofon-alofon huruf vokal dalam bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa kita punya fonem /e/ dengan alofon [e] dan [ɛ]. Penggunaanya dapat kita temukan pada kata sore (so-re) dan bebek (bɛbɛɁ). Sementara itu, ada pula fonem /ə/ dengan alofon [ə]. Contoh kata untuk alofon yang terakhir adalah enam (ə-nam).
Akan tetapi, dalam tataran grafemik, baik fonem /e/ yang memiliki alofon [e] dan [ɛ] maupun fonem /ə/ yang menaungi alofon [ə] ditulis dengan grafem <e>. Berarti <e> adalah grafem bagi fonem /e/ dan /ə/.
Dengan demikian, huruf e dapat dilafalkan dengan berbagai macam variasi bunyi. Dalam sistem penulisan ejaan, lambang grafem yang disepakati adalah <e>. Sementara itu, dalam pembedaan makna secara bunyi (fonemik), <e> dapat dijabarkan kembali menjadi fonem /e/ dan /ə/.
Rujukan:
- Chaer, Abdul. 2013. Fonologi Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
- Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 2008. Kamus Linguistik Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
- Moeliono, Anton M., dkk. 2017. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa.
Penulis: Yudhistira
Penyunting: Ivan Lanin
30 komentar
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